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Industrialisation is routinely presented as the route to prosperity. But can the poorest countries follow a model built in another era, under entirely different conditions?

Growth strategies often repeat the same prescription: manufacture, export and compete. This article explores why economies may need routes shaped by their own resources and realities.

Trillions have been spent in the name of development, yet poverty and hunger persist. The question is not whether the world has given enough, but how the system uses what it gives.